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According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted

consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools

of management are alike in that they

(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits

(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure

(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability

(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives

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答案：

定位在第二

段。因為第一段只說了TQM和這兩個“老”管理系統(tǒng)分別的相同之處。題目問的是兩個老管理系統(tǒng)之間的相同之處。 (A)Correct. 都主要對增加利潤感興趣。原文定位在第二段“TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability”。 (B)不重視組織結構的問題。原文最后一句話“TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.”提到的是TQM重視組織結構，但是我們無從得知題目中這兩個老管理系統(tǒng)是否也重視組織結構。 (C)用數(shù)據(jù)抽樣技術來增加利益。從原文第一段我們只能看出“the rationalist”是用這種方式的，無從得知"human relations"是否也用這樣的技術。 (D)不太可能降價來增加利潤。這個選項有一定迷惑性。文章中確實只在說TQM時才提到了降價促銷。但是沒有任何證據(jù)表明題目中的兩個老管理系統(tǒng)不用降價這個策略來增加利潤。 (E)總體上注意設立和獲得長期目標。這個選項定位在“While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. ”這句話說明題目中這兩種管理系統(tǒng)都比較重視短期目標，而不是長期目標。